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This course introduces students to the nature of human language and linguistic research. The aim is to familiarize students with the properties of language by focusing on the following core areas: phonetics and phonology (sound structure), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (the structure of meaningful categories) and pragmatics (the use of language in specific social and cultural contexts). Other topics covered include language acquisition, language variation, and language change. A variety of languages are used for illustration. Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2022 | FREN-2022 | LING-1200.

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This course describes all English consonant and vowel sounds in terms of place and manner of articulation. It also identifies how sounds are organized into syllables and words by studying the concepts of phonemes, allophones and phonological rules. Although the course focuses on English phonology, it also draws heavily on other languages to illustrate the key concepts. Students will be required to master characters and diacritics from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cross-listed: ANTH-2401(3) and ENGL-2803(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2401 | ENGL-2803.

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This course introduces students to the concepts and methods of word analysis. Students investigate the nature of morphemes (smallest units of meaning), their different types and functions, and the different ways they are organized into words. The course explores the process of word formation through derivation and compounding as well as grammatical uses of inflectional morphemes. Based largely in English, both lectures and exercises also draw on various other languages to highlight key morphological features and constructs. Cross-listed: ANTH-2402(3) and ENGL-2805(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2402 | ENGL-2805.

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Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words into groups, clauses and sentences. In this course students use morphological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical criteria to define traditional parts of speech, in order to understand how these combine to form a variety of clauses and sentences types. Form, function, class and structure are introduced from the perspective of systemic functional and communication linguistics. These descriptive frameworks are contrasted with transformational generative models and others. Cross-listed: ANTH-2403(3) and ENGL-2802(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2403 | ENGL-2802.

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Semantics is the branch of linguistics concerned with how we construct meaning using language. It is arguably the most diverse branch, situated between the highly formalizable "inner layers" of phonology, morphology and syntax and the fuzzier "outer layer" of pragmatics. Key ideas covered in the course include: the difference between sense and reference, the application of basic rules in formal logic, prototype theory, componential analysis, and cognitive semantics; how to identify thematic roles in sentences; the functions of noun classifiers, deictics, and adpositions in different languages; and, the nature of metaphors, metonyms and image schemas. Cross-listed: ANTH-2405(3) and ENGL-2806(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2405 | ENGL-2806.

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The course examines how language encodes cultural dialects from different regions and time periods within various social and cultural contexts. Selected British, American, and Canadian dialects are studied from specific historical and contemporary periods. Social factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, class, socio-economic, educational, political, and religious factors are considered from a sociolinguistic perspective. The course also examines language and dialects related to various registers, such as student-teacher classroom exchange, job interviews, work talk, and casual conversation. To examine the differences in these registers, functional and systemic perspectives of communication linguistics are introduced. Cross-listed: ENGL-2804(3) and ANTH-2406(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2406 | ENGL-2804.

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This course examines the relationship between language and culture, including the theories and principles of linguistic anthropology. More than 20 languages are compared and contrasted in order to understand the concepts of language structure. Topics include the basic principles of phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics, language change, literacy, nonverbal communication and signed languages. Cross-listed: ANTH-2400(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2400.

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Taking a general overview of the linguistic map of the world where approximately 7000 languages are currently spoken, this course looks at some of the main language families and examines evidence for genetic relationships within them. Variations within a single language, principles underlying different writing systems, as well as issues of language contact, endangered languages, and the role of English as an emerging world language are also considered. Examples are drawn from a wide range of languages. Cross-listed: ANTH-2404(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2404 | LING-2404.

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This course examines the need for language revitalization in the context of language endangerment that is now occurring on a global scale. Students learn about factors that contribute to language remaining strong, as well as processes such as colonization and assimilation that have led to language shift, loss, and death. Students learn about the importance of diverse languages, and also about strategies and programs that communities have applied to maintain or regain their languages. Key language revitalization methods are taught, including language healing, language development, language learning technologies, language nests, and master-apprentice programs. Cross-listed: ANTH-2407(3) and IS-2407(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-2407 | IS-2407.

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Of the 20,000 words in common use in English, about half have come from Latin, directly or through French. Greek, too, has made its contribution and continues to do so as the language of science expands. In addition to a thorough study of the formation of nouns, verbs, and adjectives from their Greek and Latin component parts, we will examine the Greek script, principles of transliteration, medical and scientific Greek, words from Greek mythology and society, Roman numerals, legal Latin, abbreviations of Latin words in common use, Latin mottoes and proverbs, and unusual plural forms in English. No knowledge of Latin or Greek is required. Cross-listed: CLAS-2800(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and CLAS-2800.

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This course presents the theory and practice of French phonetics and phonology. Theory covers the acoustics and physiology of speech, the International Phonetic Alphabet, the description of French vowels, consonants, articulation features (assimilation, liaison, etc.), and prosodic patterns (syllabation, rhythm, intonation, etc.). Practical applications include phonetic transcription, orthoepy (the relationship between pronunciation and orthography) and a lab program aiming at oral performance. Cross-listed: FREN-2202(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and FREN-2202.

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This course presents the theory and practice of German phonetics and phonology, its practical applications (e.g., the use of pronunciation dictionaries), and material realizations in standard German. Some areas of theory covered include the physiology of speech, the International Phonetic Alphabet, as it relates to German, and phonetic transcription. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between pronunciation and orthography and on correcting the student's oral performance in German, including a study of intonation patterns in German. Cross-listed: GERM-2202(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and GERM-2202.

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This course examines the principles and methods of textual analysis as a language-centered approach to literary and non-literary discourse. Various texts are analyzed using six descriptive linguistic tools, namely sounding (phonology), seeing (graphology), wording (lexis), arranging (syntax), meaning (semology and semantics), and ornamenting (rhetoric). Textual analysis considers the effect of writers' choices to create different reader responses to literary elements such as developing characters, building suspense, creating humour, and achieving particular rhetorical purposes. Cross-listed: ENGL-3800(6) and ANTH-3405(6). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-3405 | ENGL-3800.

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This course examines and classifies a number of languages by applying the basic concepts of Anthropological Linguistics to analysis of the phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of various languages. The structure of these languages is compared and contrasted to explore typological patterns and explain structural diversity of human languages. Relations between the grammar and pragmatic features of the languages are also explored. Additional in-depth work is required to receive credit at the 4000 level. Cross-listed: LING-4006(3), ANTH-3400 and ANTH-4400(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and LING-4006 | ANTH-3400 | ANTH-4400.

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Students are introduced to issues involved in the research being done by linguists, text analysts, discourse analysts, and sociolinguists concerning various types of institutional discourse. They are required to carry out a research project on a register of their choice. Experimental investigations and contemporary research focus on medical, scientific, legal, business, financial, political, classroom, and media discourse. Cross-listed: ANTH-3407(3), ENGL-3802(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-3407 | ENGL-3802.

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This course proposes an integrated overview of Indo-European tradition based on comparative linguistics, mythology, archaeology, social structure and religion. A survey of Indo- European languages, ancient and modern, including their relationships, writing systems, and sociolinguistic context, is followed by an examination of problems in analysis and reconstruction of Indo-European proto-language and proto- culture. The course further explores major Indo-European mythological and poetic traditions, and possible reconstruction of their common sources. It also examines belief systems, literary continuations of mythopoetic material, archeological evidence and historiographic records. Additional in-depth work is required to receive credit at the 4000 level. Cross-listed: LING-4102(3), ANTH-3406(3) and ANTH-4406(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-3406 | ANTH-4406 | LING-4102.

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Sociolinguistics is the systematic study of language as a social phenomenon with a focus on the relationship between language and various social variables such as age, class, ethnicity and gender. This course examines language variations on regional (regional dialects), social (sociolects) and personal (styles and registers) level, as well as topics such as standard language, slang, jargon, politeness and taboo. It introduces students to the concepts of language ideologies, communities of practice, multilingualism, diglossia and code switching, and explores the problems of language in the contact and of language shift, revival and planning. Cross-listed: ANTH-3408. Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-3408.

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Presenting an integrated overview of the indigenous languages of South America, this course looks at main language families spoken there, their spatial distribution, history and classification, as well as their cultural background. With 53 language families and 55 isolates, South America is not only the most diverse region in linguistic terms, but also a storehouse of unusual structural features important for understanding the full range of possible variants of human language. The course also explores typological characteristics of South American languages, potential linguistic areas, proposals of more distant relationships, and the current situation of endangered languages in this region. Additional in-depth work is required to receive credit at the 4000-level. Cross-listed: ANTH-3411(3), ANTH-4411(3), LING-4104(3), and IS-3104(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and ANTH-3411 | ANTH-4411 | IS-3104 | LING-4104.

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This course is designed to introduce students to the field of communication disorders in children. It provides an overview of professional issues. Possible topics include the identification of different types of communication disorders, procedures in the evaluation and treatment of these disorders, and child-care program planning techniques. Cross-listed: DEV-3300(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and DEV-3300.

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The course looks at the origins and development of language from a historical perspective and moves into specific case studies of unilingual, bilingual, and multilingual groups, their languages, how they communicate, and representational media used by the group. Students focus closely on how groups communicate with one another, often by using common languages and the practice of translation, and how groups use languages to represent their culture to other groups and within the group. Central to such transnational and intercultural communication is the representation of identity and heritage. As languages change, identity changes also occur. Cross-listed: RHET-3156(3).

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Students interested in advanced study in a specific area should consult the professor with whom they propose to work. Special Studies courses are offered only exceptional circumstances, and/or only when students can satisfy program requirements in no other way. The course proposal follows guidelines of the professor's host department and receives approval from the Program Coordinator. Note: It is recommended that students complete at least 18 credit hours of Linguistics courses before registering.

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Based on the analysis of modern French, this course presents fundamental linguistic concepts, including nature and types of monemes, distributional and syntactic properties of morphemes, and the French verbal system (mood, tense and aspect). The syntax of simple, compound and complex sentences is studied in a transformational-generative perspective, as it applies to French. At the Honours level, in FREN-4206/LING-4304, additional approaches (mainly the functional and the cognitive) are used to examine complex utterances in various oral and written styles. Cross-listed: FREN-3204(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and FREN-3204.

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This course presents contemporary varieties of French in Canada and other parts of the Francophone World. After a brief introduction to linguistic change from early dialects to today's international norm, the course focuses on regional variation particularly in Canada and North America, major geolinguistic concepts (e.g. regionalism, isogloss), and fieldwork methods. Sound documents are explored for their vocabulary and grammar, to help students expand their communication skills in different environments, as they become more familiar with different varieties of French. The Honours level concentrates on methodology and linguistic data analysis (e.g. lexicometry, linguistic atlases). Cross-listed: FREN-3202(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and FREN-3202 | FREN-4202 | LING-4303.

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This course explores three major aspects of bilingualism: the context, the learner, and the writer. The context section introduces historical and geographical aspects of bilingualism (e.g. official/unofficial bilingualism in the Francophone world), and resulting sociolinguistic situations (e.g. diglossia/bilingualism). The main section of the course focuses on the bilingual learner (e.g. multilingual acquisition, compound bilingualism, the active lexicon in Franco-Manitoban and immersion schoolchildren). The concluding section examines examples of bilingual writing (e.g. Beckett, Green, Leveille). Cross-listed: FREN-3205(3), FREN-4205(3), and LING-4305(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and FREN-3205 | FREN-4205 | LING-4305.

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In this course, French is studied by being contrasted with English in a comparative lexicology and comparative grammar approach. Linguistic divergence is examined at the lexical level (e.g. semantic values, stylistic variants, linguistic interference), the grammatical and syntactic levels (e.g. gender, modifiers, modal auxiliaries, word order), and the pragmatic level, with a focus on cultural strategies (e.g. sentence segmentation into translation units, modulation, grammatical transposition). Translation strategies are explored so as to address the distinctive lexical, grammatical, syntactic, and pragmatic features of each language. Cross-listed: FREN-3111(6). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and FREN-3111.

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This course focuses on the German lexicon, its forms and formation. Students learn to distinguish different structural types of words (e.g., acronyms, derivatives), to identify their basic components (e.g., prefixes, suffixes), and to recognize the mechanisms involved in their formation. Through the study of synonyms and antonyms, students explore the semantic relationships between words. Course work emphasizes practical strategies for vocabulary enrichment and mastery. Cross-listed: GERM-3403(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and GERM-3403.

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In this course students explore the learning and teaching of German as an additional language. Students learn about the process of language acquisition based on the example of German and their own language learning. Students examine how this knowledge can be used for teaching German as an additional language. Topics might include child language acquisition, and theories, techniques and practices of adult second language acquisition. Cross-listed: GERM-3858(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and GERM-3858.

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This course traces the development of the Spanish language from its Latin origins to its modern-day dialects in Spain and the Americas. It examines both the internal evolution of the Spanish Language (its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics) and the sociocultural and historical factors that influenced its development. Various linguistic documents illustrating the distinct features of Spanish in different eras. Cross-listed: SPAN-3301(3). Restrictions: Students may not hold credit for this course and SPAN-3301.

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This course offers upper-level instruction in a variety of linguistically related topics. The specific focus of the course varies from year to year with the instructor. It may, for instance, focus on the work of an important linguist, a particular linguistic theory, or advanced studies in areas of syntax, lexicography, phonology, etc. This course may be repeated for credit when the topic varies.

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